CIIR publications authored by R. Manmatha


IR-1179: (2019) Yalniz, I. and Manmatha, R., "Dependence Models for Searching Text in Document Images," Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI). [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-1081: (2016) Manmatha, R.,  Murthy, V.,  Chari, V. and Sharma, A., " Image Annotation using Multi-scale Hypergraph Heat Diffusion Framework," Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR 16) New York, USA, June 6-9, 2016, pp. 299-303. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-1080: (2016) Manmatha, R.,  Murthy, V.,  Chen, T.,  Comaniciu, D. and Singh, V., "Deep Decision Network for Multi-Class Image Classification," Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 16) Las Vegas, USA June 26- July 1, 2016, pp. 2240-2248. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-1026: (2015) Murthy, V.,  Maji, S. and Manmatha, R., "Automatic Image Annotation using Deep Learning Representations," Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia (ICMR 2015),Shanghai, China, June 23-26, 2015, pp. 603-606. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-991: (2014) Allan, J.,  Dalton, J.,  Foley, J.,  Manmatha, R.,  Murthy, V. and Wemhoener, D., "Short Text Queries for Video Retrieval," In Proceedings of TRECVID 2013, Gaithersburg, MD, November 20-22, 2013. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-986: (2014) Can, E., Croft, W. B. and Manmatha, R., "Incorporating Query-Specific Feedback into Learning-to-Rank Models," Proceedings of the 37th Annual International ACM SIGIR conference (SIGIR 2014), Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, July 6-11, 2014, pp. 1035-1038. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-974: (2014) Murthy, V.,  Can, E. and Manmatha, R., "A Hybrid Model for Automatic Image Annotation," Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR), Glasgow University, Scotland, Tuesday 1st – Friday 4th, April 2014, pp. 369. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-951: (2013) Can, E. and Manmatha, R., "Modeling Concept Dependencies for Event Detection," Proceedings of the International COnference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR '14) conference, Glasgow, UK, April 1-4, 2014, pp. 289-297. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-949: (2013) Can, E. and Manmatha, R., "Formulating Action Recognition as a Ranking Problem," Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPR'13), Portland, OR, June 23-28, 2013, pp. 251-256. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-939: (2013) Wemhoener, D.,  Yalniz, I. and Manmatha, R., "Creating an Improved Version Using Noisy OCR from Multiple Editions," Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR'13), Washington DC, USA, August 25-28, 2013, pp.160-164. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-912: (2012) Cartright, M.,  Can, E.,  Dabney, W.,  Dalton, J.,  Krstovski, K.,  Wu, X.,  Yalniz, I.,  Allan, J.,  Manmatha, R. and Smith, D., "A Framework for Manipulating and Searching Multiple Retrieval Types," Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2012), pp. 1001. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-906: (2012) Can, E.,  Oktay, H. and Manmatha, R., "Predicting ReTweet Count Using Visual Cues," to appear in the Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2013), San Francisco, CA, Oct. 27th-Nov. 1st, 2013. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-905: (2012) Fernandez, D.,  Lladós, J.,  Fornés, A. and Manmatha, R., "On Influence of Line Segmentation in Efficient Word Segmentation in Old Manuscripts.," Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR 2012), pp.759-764. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-871: (2012) Yalniz, I. and Manmatha, R., "Finding Translations in Scanned Book Collections," Proceedings of the 35th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2012), pp. 465-474. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-857: (2011) Yalniz, I. and Manmatha, R., "An efficient framework for searching text in noisy document images," Proceedings of the 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS'12), pp. 48-52. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-853: (2011) Smith, D.,  Manmatha, R. and Allan, J., "Mining Relational Structure from Millions of Books: Position Paper," CIKM Books Online Workshop, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K., October 24, 2011. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-841: (2009) Howe, N.,  Feng, S. and Manmatha, R., "Finding words in alphabet soup: Inference on freeform character recognition for historical scripts. ," Pattern Recognition, 42(12): 3338- 3347, 2009. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-840: (2010) Llorente, A.,  Manmatha, R. and Rueger, S., "Image Retrieval using Markov Random Fields and Global Image Features," International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR’10, Xi'an, China, July 5-7, pg 243-250. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-839: (2008) Yan, T.,  Ganesan, D. and Manmatha, R., "Distributed Image Search in Sensor Networks ," International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys'08, Raleigh, NC, USA, November 5-7, 2008, pg 155-168. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-838: (2009) Rasagna, V.,  Kumar, A.,  Jawahar, C. and Manmatha, R., "Robust Recognition of Documents by Fusing Results of Word Clusters ," International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR'09, Barcelona, Spain, 26-29 July 2009, pg 566-570. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-837: (2010) Frinken, V.,  Fischer, A.,  Bunke, H. and Manmatha, R., "Adapting BLSTM Neural Network based Keyword Spotting trained on Modern Data to Historical Documents ," International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, ICFHR'10, Kolkata, India, November 16-18, 2010, pg 352-357. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-836: (2011) Frinken, V.,  Fischer, A.,  Manmatha, R. and Bunke, H., "A Novel Word Spotting Method Based on Recurrent Neural Networks," IEEE Pami. 34(2): 211-224 (2012). [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-835: (2011) Jain, R.,  Frinken, V.,  Jawahar, C. and Manmatha, R., "BLSTM Neural Network based Word Retrieval for Hindi Documents," Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, (ICDAR'11), pp. 83-87. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-818: (2011) Yalniz, I. and Manmatha, R., "A Fast Alignment Scheme for Automatic OCR Evaluation of Books," Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2011), pp. 754-758. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-807: (2011) Yalniz, I.,  Can, E. and Manmatha, R., "Partial Duplicate Detection for Large Book Collections," Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Information Knowledge and Management (CIKM 2011), pp. 469-474. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-791: (2010) Sankar, P.,  Jawahar, C. and Manmatha, R., "Nearest Neighbor based Collection OCR," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS 2010), pp. 207-214. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-672: (2008) Feng, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Howe, N., "A Hidden Markov Model for Alphabet-Soup Word Recognition," Proc. of the International conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp.210-215. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-670: (2008) Feng, S. and Manmatha, R., "A Discrete Direct Retrieval Model for Image and Video Retrieval," Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR'08, pp. 427-436. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-489: (2006) Feng, S. and Manmatha, R., "A Hierarchical, HMM-based Automatic Evaluation of OCR Accuracy for a Digital Library of Books," in the Proceedings of JCDL 06, pp. 109-118. [View bibtex]

IR-488: (2006) Feng, S.,  Manmatha, R. and McCallum, A., "Exploring the Use of Conditional Random Field Models and HMMs for Historical Handwritten Document Recognition," in the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL 06), pp. 30-37. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-458: (2005) Feng, S. and Manmatha, R., "Classification Models for Historical Manuscript Recognition," the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR) 2005, pp. 528-532. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-454: (2005) Rothfeder, J.,  Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Aligning Transcripts to Automatically Segmented Handwritten Manuscripts," the Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, DAS'06, pp. 84-95. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-409: (2005) Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Word Spotting for Historical Documents," the International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), pp. 139 - 152. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-399: (2005) Howe, N.,  Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Boosted Decision Trees for Word Recognition in Handwritten Document Retrieval," the Proceedings of the 28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR2005), pp. 377-383. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-397: (2005) Iyengar, G.,  Duygulu, P.,  Feng, S.,  Ircing, P.,  Klakow, D.,  Khudanpur, S.,  Krause, M.,  Manmatha, R. and Virga, P., "Joint Visual-Text Modeling for Automatic Retrieval of Multimedia Documents," the Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2005, pp. 21-30. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-386: (2007) Kornfield, E.,  Manmatha, R. and Allan, J., "Further Explorations in Text Alignment with Handwritten Documents," IJDAR Journal. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-385: (2005) Chang, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Chua, T., "Combining Text and Audio-Visual Features in Video Indexing," the Proceedings of ICASSP'05, Philadelphia, PA, March 2005, electronic proceedings only. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-380: (2005) Mohanty, N.,  Rath, T.,  Lee, A. and Manmatha, R., "Learning Shapes for Classification and Retrieval," the Proceedings of the International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR), pp. 589-598. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-368: (2004) Jeon, J. and Manmatha, R., "Automatic Image Annotation of News Images with Large Vocabularies and Low Quality Training Data ," CIIR Technical Report. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-356: (2003) Allan, J.,  Aslam, J.,  Belkin, N.,  Buckley, C.,  Callan, J., Croft, W. B. ,  Dumais, S.,  Fuhr, N.,  Harman, D.,  Harper, D.,  Hiemstra, D.,  Hofmann, T.,  Hovy, E.,  Kraaij, W.,  Lafferty, J.,  Lavrenko, V.,  Lewis, D.,  Liddy, L.,  Manmatha, R.,  McCallum, A.,  Ponte, J.,  Prager, J.,  Radev, D.,  Resnik, P.,  Robertson, S.,  Rosenfeld, R.,  Roukos, S.,  Sanderson, M.,  Schwartz, R.,  Singhal, A.,  Smeaton, A.,  Turtle, H.,  Voorhees, E.,  Weischedel, R.,  Xu, J. and Zhai, C., "Challenges in Information Retrieval Language Modeling," SIGIR Forum, Spring 2003, Volume 37 Number 1. [View bibtex]

MM-355: (2004) Jeon, J. and Manmatha, R., "Using Maximum Entropy for Automatic Image Annotation," the Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, pp. 24-32, 2004. [View bibtex]

MM-354: (2004) Manmatha, R. and Rothfeder, J., "A Scale Space Approach for Automatically Segmenting Words from Degraded Handwritten Documents," the Journal of Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI), (27)8, pp. 1212- 1225. [View bibtex]

MM-346: (2004) Metzler, D. and Manmatha, R., "An Inference Network Approach to Image Retrieval," the Proceedings of the International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval (CIVR-2004), pp. 42-50. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-341: (2004) Rath, T.,  Manmatha, R. and Lavrenko, V., "A Search Engine for Historical Manuscript Images," the Proceedings of SIGIR '04, Sheffield, England, pp. 369-376. [View bibtex]

MM-333: (2004) Feng, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Lavrenko, V., "Multiple Bernoulli Relevance Models for Image and Video Annotation," the Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2004), vol. II, pp. 1002-1009. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-328: (2003) Rath, T.,  Lavrenko, V. and Manmatha, R., "Retrieving Historical Manuscripts using Shape," CIIR Technical Report. [View bibtex]

MM-325: (2004) Lavrenko, V.,  Feng, S. and Manmatha, R., "Statistical Models for Automatic Video Annotation and Retrieval," the Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,(ICASSP), Montreal, QC, Canada, (electronic proceedings). [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-320: (2003) Kornfield, E.,  Manmatha, R. and Allan, J., "Text Alignment with Handwritten Documents," the Proceedings of Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL) 2004,pp. 195-209. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-319: (2004) Lavrenko, V.,  Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Holistic Word Recognition for Handwritten Historical Documents," the Proceedings of Document Image Analysis for Libraries (DIAL) 2004, pp. 278-287. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-310: (2003) Hanna, K.,  Levine, B. and Manmatha, R., "Mobile Distributed Information Retrieval For Highly-Partitioned Networks ," Proceedings of IEEE ICNP 2003. [View bibtex]

IR-294: (2003) Kinuta, Y.,  Levine, B. and Manmatha, R., "Server Selection Techniques for Distributed Information Retrieval," CIIR Technical Report. [View bibtex]

IR-285: (2003) Manmatha, R., "Applications of Score Distributions in Information Retrieval," Language Modeling for Information Retrieval, W. Bruce Croft and John Lafferty, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 8. No electronic copy available. [View bibtex]

IR-262: (2002) Manmatha, R.,  Feng, A. and Allan, J., "A Critical Examination of TDT's Cost Function," Proceedings of SIGIR 2002, pp. 403-404. [View bibtex]

IR-255: (2002) Manmatha, R.,  Rath, T. and Feng, F., "Modeling Score Distribution for Meta Search," CIIR Technical Report. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

IR-242: (2002) Manmatha, R. and Sever, H., "A Formal Approach to Score Normalization for Metasearch," Proceedings of HLT 2002, pp. 88-93. [View bibtex]

IR-224: (2001) Manmatha, R.,  Rath, T. and Feng, F., "Modeling Score Distributions for Combining the Outputs of Search Engines," Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR 01 conference, pp. 267-275. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-46: (2003) Lavrenko, V.,  Manmatha, R. and Jeon, J., "A Model for Learning the Semantics of Pictures," the Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 16, pp. 553-560. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-43: (2003) Manmatha, R. and Rath, T., "Indexing Handwritten Historical Documents - Recent Progress," the Proc. of the Symposium on Document Image Understanding (SDIUT-03), pp. 77-85. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-42: (2003) Rath, T.,  Lavrenko, V. and Manmatha, R., "A Statistical Approach to Retrieving Historical Manuscript Images," CIIR Technical Report. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-41: (2003) Jeon, J.,  Lavrenko, V. and Manmatha, R., "Automatic Image Annotation and Retrieval using Cross-Media Relevance Models," the Proceedings of SIGIR ’03 Conference, pp. 119-126. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-40: (2003) Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Lower-Bounding of Dynamic Time Warping Distances for Multivariate Time Series," CIIR Technical Report. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-39: (2002) Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Features for Word Spotting in Historical Manuscripts," the Proceedings of ICDAR ’03 conference,vol.1, pp. 218-222. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-38: (2002) Rath, T. and Manmatha, R., "Word Image Matching Using Dynamic Time Warping," the Proceedings of CVPR-03 conference,vol. 2, pp. 521-527. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-37: (2002) Das, M. and Manmatha, R., "Automatic Segmentation and Indexing of Specialized Databases," CIIR Technical Report. [View bibtex]

MM-36: (2002) Rath, T.,  Kane, S.,  Lehman, A.,  Partridge, E. and Manmatha, R., "Indexing for a Digital Library of George Washington’s Manuscripts: A Study of Word Matching Techniques," CIIR Technical Report. [View bibtex]

MM-31: (2000) Das, M. and Manmatha, R., "Automatic Segmentation and Indexing in a Database of Bird Images," the Proceedings of ICCV 2001, the 8th IEEE International Conf. on Computer Vision,Vancouver, volume II, pp. 351-358. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-29: (1999) Das, M.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Indexing Flower Patent Images using Domain Knowledge," the journal IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 14, no.5, pp. 24. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-28: (1999) Manmatha, R., "Multimedia Information Retrieval at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval," the Proceedings of the Symposium on Document Understanding Technology (SDIUT 99), ), pp. 183-198. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-27: (1999) Manmatha, R. and Srimal, N., "Scale space technique for word segmentation in handwritten manuscripts," the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Scale-Space Theories Computer Vision (Scale Space 99), pp. 22-33. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-26: (1999) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "Multi-modal retrieval of trademark images using global similarity," UMass Computer Science Tech Report number TR99-32. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-25: (1998) Ravela, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Croft, W. B. , "Retrieval of trademark and gray-scale images using global similarity," CIIR Technical Report. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-23: (1998) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "Gaussian Filtered Representations of Images," The Encyclopedia on Electrical & Electronics Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, John G. Webster (Ed.), pp 289-307, 1999. [View bibtex]

MM-22: (1998) Das, M.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Indexing Flowers by Color Names using Domain Knowledge-driven Segmentation," the Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV98), pages 94-99. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-21: (1998) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "On computing global similarity in images," the Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV98), pp. 82-87. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-20: (1997) Manmatha, R.,  Ravela, S. and Chitti, Y., "On computing local and global similarity in images," the Proceedings of The International Society for Optical Engineering, (SPIE ‘98), pp. 540-551. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-19: (1997) Wu, V. and Manmatha, R., "Document Image Clean-up and Binarization," the Proceedings of The International Society for Optical Engineering, (SPIE 98), pp. 263-273. [View bibtex]

MM-18: (1997) Wu, V.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "TextFinder: An Automatic System to Detect and Recognize Text in Images," Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence ,November 1999, pp. 1224-1228. [View bibtex]

MM-17: (1997) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "Retrieving Images by Appearance," the Proc. of the IEEE International Conf. on Computer Vision, (ICCV 98), pp. 608-613. [View bibtex]

MM-16: (1997) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "Retrieving Images by Similarity of Visual Appearance," the Proc. of the IEEE Workshop on Content Based Access of Image Databases, Puerto Rico, pp.67-74. [View bibtex]

MM-15: (1997) Manmatha, R., "Multimedia Indexing and Retrieval Research at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval," Proceedings of Symposium on Document Image Understanding SDIUT97 ,pp. 16-30. [View bibtex]

MM-13: (1997) Wu, V.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Finding Text in Images," the Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Intl conf. on Digital Libraries(DL 97). [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-12: (1997) Manmatha, R. and Sawhney, H., "Finding Symmetry in Intensity Images," Computer Science Technical Report TR-97-09. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-11: (1997) Ravela, S. and Manmatha, R., "Image Retrieval by Appearance," the Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Research and Development Information Retrieval (SIGIR 97),pp. 278-285. [View Abstract] [View bibtex]

MM-10: (1996) Manmatha, R. and Ravela, S., "A Syntactic Characterization of Appearance and its Application to Image Retrieval," Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging II , vol 3016, Feb. 1997, SanJose. [View bibtex]

MM-8: (1996) Ravela, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Image Retrieval Using Scale Space Matching," Proc. of the European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV 96, Cambridge, U.K., April 1996, pages 273-282, Springer. CIIR Technical Report. [View bibtex]

MM-7: (1996) Ravela, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Scale-Space Matching and Image Retrieval," Proceedings of the ARPA Image Understanding Workshop, 1996. [View bibtex]

MM-6: (1996) Manmatha, R. and Croft, W. B. , "Word Spotting: Indexing Handwritten Manuscripts," book chapter Intelligent Multi-media Information Retrieval Collection, ed. Mark Maybury, Forthcoming book. [View bibtex]

MM-5: (1995) Ravela, S.,  Manmatha, R. and Riseman, E., "Retrieval from Image Databases Using Scale-Space Matching," Proc. of ECCV 96, UMass Technical Report, TR95-104. [View bibtex]

MM-4: (1995) Manmatha, R.,  Han, C. and Riseman, E., "Word Spotting: A New Approach to Indexing Handwriting," Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, CVPR 96, San Francisco, CA, June 1996, longer version available as UMass Technical Report, TR95-105. [View bibtex]

MM-3: (1995) Wu, V. and Manmatha, R., "Extracting Text From Greyscale Images," UMass Technical Report TR95-88. [View bibtex]

MM-2: (1995) Manmatha, R.,  Han, C.,  Riseman, E. and Croft, W. B. , "Indexing Handwriting Using Word Matching," Proceedings of the First ACM Internal Conference on Digital Libraries, DL 96, Bethesda, MD, March 1996, pp. 151-159.UMass Technical Report TR95-89. [View bibtex]

MM-1: (1994) Manmatha, R., "A Framework for Recovering Affine Transforms Using Points, Lines or Image Brightnesses," Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, Seattle, Washington, June 21-23, 1994, pp. 141-146. [View bibtex]